Is terrorism a serious threat to international and national security The WritePass Journal

Is terrorism a serious threat to international and national security Introduction Is terrorism a serious threat to international and national security : 61). This essay then tackles the formulation presented by Ian Lustick, who maintains that the magnitude of the threat posed by terrorism appears to be much smaller than realised (Lutz, Lutz and Lustick in Jackson and Sinclair (eds.), 2012: 66). The evaluation of both arguments will be made by referring to the ways in which the War on Terror has altered the manner in which states and the international community as a whole is dealing with the phenomenon of terrorism.   Terrorism as a continuing threat to national and international security James and Brenda Lutz put forward the view that terrorism actualises the threat it poses to the viability of nation-states by referring to the way in which extremist movements, such as Fascism and Nazism, managed to topple the existing order of things in democratic countries, such as Italy and Germany. In addition, the tactics of terrorism was successfully implemented by the liberation movements that ridded Algeria, Jewish Palestine and Cyprus of French and British colonial rule (Lutz, Lutz and Lustick in Jackson and Sinclair (eds.), 2012: 61-2).   Nevertheless, the increased access to digital technologies that facilitate instantaneous communications and the wider availability of weapons of mass destruction magnify the scope of the threat posed by terrorism (Silverstone, 2007: 17). The authors also outline that the modern notion of terrorism differs from past manifestations as it can contribute to the profound alteration of the political foundations of the states that are compelled to deal with the phenomenon (Lutz, Lutz and Lustick in Jackson and Sinclair (eds.), 2012: 64). It must be underlined that enhanced magnitude of the terrorist threat impels states to commit a large amount of resources to the fight against terror and; in some cases, enter into a diplomatic framework of negotiation which might result in bestowing a modicum of legitimacy to terrorist organisations (Elshtain, 2004: 96). States are forced to respond to the threat of terrorism by recalibrating their judicial systems in a way that reflects the changed nature of the crimes committed by terrorist organisations (Napoleoni, 2004: 70). These states of affairs can in turn lead to an enhanced perception of the threat posed by extremism and inject a measure of authoritarian legalism into the democratic system of states (Lutz, Lutz and Lustick in Jackson and Sinclair (eds.), 2012: 65). The threat posed by Al-Qaeda in the context of the War on Terror exemplifies the augmented threat of terrorism. To begin with, terrorist organisations affiliated to Al-Qaeda do not abide by the international legislation regarding the conduct of war. These organisations target civilians as part of their grand political strategy, geared towards creating an environment of terror in democratic societies (Fotion, 2007: 77).   In addition, the War on Terror has resulted in the militarisation of the political discourse, by which the notion of the enemy is reformulated by including domestic ideologies that are hesitant to confront the phenomenon of terrorism. This situation has been outlined by the authors, who argue that the threat of terrorism compels states to react to extremist violence, as not doing so would eventually enhance the ability of terrorist organisations to inflict damage on the populations affected (Lutz, Lutz and Lustick in Jackson and Sinclair (eds.), 2012: 65). These arguments seem to be quite persuasive in describing not only the threats posed by terrorist organisations, but also the dangers related to the fight against the phenomenon of extremism. In order to assess the validity of these claims, they will be parried against the opposite view regarding the nature and extent of the terrorist threat. Is terrorism a continuing threat to national and international security?   Ian Lustick poses the view that even if there is an acknowledged threat of terrorism, the magnitude of the threat presented by this phenomenon is much smaller than realised (Lutz, Lutz and Lustick in Jackson and Sinclair (eds.), 2012: 66). The author maintains that the enhanced ‘perception of the threat’ has enabled the United States to articulate clear cut moral demarcations in the context of the War in Terror, in which the ‘enemy’ (Islamic extremism) is portrayed as a-moral and deemed to be extirpated. Furthermore, this stance entails that Washington claims the right use of pre-emptive tactics against terrorism, even if the threat is perceived as infinitesimally small (Crawford in Rosenthal and Barry (eds.), 2009: 41). Accordingly, preventive force has been deployed by the United States in Afghanistan (2001), of Iraq (2003), as Washington claimed that those states harboured terrorist organisations in their midst (Frum and Perle, 2004: 118). Citing the smal l occurrence of terrorist activity, the author emphasises the fact that the United States is committing a substantial amount of resources to defend itself from a threat which is relatively small in nature and magnitude (Lutz, Lutz and Lustick in Jackson and Sinclair (eds.), 2012: 67).   Lustick also highlights the fact that the response to the terrorist phenomenon, marked by a visceral attitude on the part of the authorities, might serve narrow political agendas (Lutz, Lutz and Lustick in Jackson and Sinclair (eds.), 2012: 69). In this context, it is important to underline that the War on Terror entails the possibility that the United States might utilise the fight against terrorism for the sake of ensuring that the process of globalisation remains firmly tied to the American ideations of liberal democracy, the rule of law and free market economics being spread to the wider world (Chan, 2012: 72). Lustick also underlines how the media is responsible for portraying the threat of te rrorism in an imbalanced way. To be sure, the mainstream media devotes more time to the coverage of news related to putative threats than to issues which affect citizens in a more visible manner. In addition, the author notes how ‘threat inflation’ is used as a political tool by the two parties of government in the United States, which have become accustomed to pinning the blame for the so-called pervasiveness of these threats to either the Republican or Democratic Party, as the case might be (Patterson, 2007: 38). The author argues that the augmented perception of the threat, which serves narrow political and economic interests, constitutes an additional threat to be imputed to the phenomenon of terrorism (Lutz, Lutz and Lustick in Jackson and Sinclair (eds.), 2012: 70-71). It is possible to argue that these views on the threat of terrorism relativise the claims put forward by James and Brenda Lutz. The existence of a terrorist threat has the potential to be magnified out of proportion and establish itself as an added political element to be borne in mind in the context of the war of West against Islamic extremism (Hewitt, 2008: 88). It is now incumbent upon us to draw some conclusions pertaining to the views espoused by the author and see which ones has a higher degree of validity. Conclusion In conclusion, it is possible to argue that whilst the threat of terrorism is an important phenomenon to be reckoned with in the grand political chessboard of the twenty-first century, its magnitude might not be as extensive as purported (Halper and Clarke, 2005: 73). The radical forces of terrorism that managed to induce change in the past did so for the sake of fighting for causes which were seen by many in the international spectrum as politically legitimate, as in the case of the PLO and the IRA. Whilst people condemned the methods used by these organisations, they questioned their political motivations less stringently. At the same time, since globalisation has created a convergence of ideas, there is a reduced scope for the type terrorist attacks seen in 9/11 (Held and McGrew, 2002: 119). Lustick rightly postulates that the spectrum of the threat posed by the phenomenon of terrorism has been artificially enhanced in order to serve narrow political and economic interests. Conseq uently, it may be posited that terrorism does not threaten the foundations of international and national security in the way depicted by James and Brenda Lutz. Bibliography Bobbitt, P. (2008)  Terror and Consent-The Wars for the Twenty-First Century,  Alfred Knopf, New York, NY Chan, D. (2012)  Beyond Just War: A Virtue Ethics Approach, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke and New York, NY Crawford, N. (2009) The Slippery Slope to Preventive War in Rosenthal, J. and Barry, C. (eds.) Ethics and International Affairs: A Reader, Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC Elshtain, J. (2004)  Just War Against Terror: The Burden Of American Power In A Violent World, Basic Books, New York, NY Fotion, N. (2007)  War and Ethics: a new Just War theory, Continuum, London Frum, D. and Perle, R. (2004)  An End to Evil: How to Win the War on Terror, Random House, New York Gupta, D. (2008)  Understanding Terrorism and Political Violence, Routledge, London Halper, S. and Clarke, J. (2005)  America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Held, D. and McGrew, A. (2002)  Globalisation/Anti-Globalisation, Polity Press, Cambridge Hewitt, H. (2008)  The War Against the West: Crucial Conversations with the Most Informed Experts About Our Enemies, Our Defenses, Our Strategy and Our Leaders in the Long War Against Islamist Extremism, Townhall Press, New York, NY Lutz, B., Lutz, J. and Lustick, I. (2012) Is terrorism a serious threat to international and national security, in R Jackson SJ Sinclair (eds.)  Contemporary Debates on Terrorism, Routledge, London Napoleoni, L. (2004)  Terror Incorporated, Penguin Books, London Patterson, E. (2007)  Just War Thinking: Morality and Pragmatism in the Struggle against Contemporary Threats, Lexington Books, Lanham, MD Silverstone, S. (2007)  Preventive War and American Democracy, Routledge, London

Black Chemists - African American History

Black Chemists - African American History Black scientists, engineers, and inventors have made important contributions to the science of chemistry. Learn about black chemists and chemical engineers and their projects. The focus is on African American chemists in the 19th and 21st centuries. Key Takeaways: Black Chemists African Americans have made significant contributions to the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering through research and inventions.In the 21st century, black scientists, engineers, and inventors continue to innovate. However, in the 19th and 20th century, it was much harder for their work to get recognized. Patricia Bath - (USA) In 1988, Patricia Bath invented the Cataract Laser Probe, a device that painlessly removes cataracts. Prior to this invention, cataracts were surgically removed. Patricia Bath founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness. George Washington Carver - (1864-1943) George Washington Carver was an agricultural chemist who discovered industrial uses for crop plants such as sweet potatoes, peanuts and soybeans. He developed methods for improving soil. Carver recognized that legumes return nitrates to the soil. His work led to crop rotation. Carver was born a slave in Missouri. He struggled to gain an education, eventually graduating from what was to become Iowa State University. He joined the faculty of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1986. Tuskegee is where he performed his famous experiments. Marie Daly - (1921–2003) In 1947, Marie Daly became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry. The majority of her career was spent as a college professor. In addition to her research, she developed programs to attract and aid minority students in medical and graduate school. Mae Jemison - (Born 1956) Mae Jemison is a retired medical doctor and American astronaut. In 1992, she became the first black woman in space. She holds a degree in chemical engineering from Stanford and a degree in medicine from Cornell. She remains very active in science and technology. Percy Julian - (1899-1975) Percy Julian developed the anti-glaucoma drug physostigmine. Dr. Julian was born in Montgomery, Alabama, but educational opportunities for African Americans were limited in the South at that time, so he received his undergraduate degree from DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. His research was conducted at DePauw University. Samuel Massie Jr. - (Died May 9, 2005) In 1966, Massie became the first black professor at the U.S. Naval Academy, making him the first black to teach full-time at any US military academy. Massie received a masters degree in chemistry from Fisk University and a doctorate in organic chemistry from Iowa State University. Massie was a professor of chemistry at the Naval Academy, became the chairman of the department of chemistry and co-founded the Black Studies program. Garrett Morgan - Garrett Morgan is responsible for several inventions. Garret Morgan was born in Paris, Kentucky in 1877. His first invention was a hair straightening solution. October 13, 1914 he patented a Breathing Device which was the first gas mask. The patent described a hood attached to a long tube that had an opening for air and a second tube with a valve that allowed air to be exhaled. On November 20, 1923, Morgan patented the first traffic signal in the U.S. He later patented the traffic signal in England and Canada. Morgan invented the zig-zag stitching attachment for manual sewing machines. Norbert Rillieux - (1806-1894) Norbert Rillieux invented a revolutionary new process for refining sugar. Rillieux’s most famous invention was a multiple effect evaporator, which harnessed steam energy from boiling sugarcane juice, greatly reducing refining costs. One of Rillieuxs patents was initially declined because it was believed he was a slave and therefore not a US citizen. However, Rillieux was free. Charles Richard Drew - (1904-1950) Drew is called the Father of the Blood Bank. As a surgeon, he pioneered research into the use and preservation of blood and plasma in World War II. His techniques for blood storage were adapted by the American Red Cross. St. Elmo Brady - (1884-1966) Brady was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in chemistry in the United States. He earned his degree in 1912 from the University of Illinois. After receiving his degree, Brady became a professor. He taught chemistry at historically black universities. Henry Aaron Hill - (1915-1979) Hill became the first African American president of the American Chemical Society in 1977. In addition to numerous accomplishments as a researcher, Hill founded Riverside Research Laboratories, which specialized in polymers.

Social responsibility as part of the Livity youth marketing agency Essay

Social responsibility as part of the Livity youth marketing agency - Essay Example Society expects corporations to get involved in the community and to act in a socially responsible manner. Customers support companies that are ethical in their dealings with internal and external stakeholders. Social responsibility can be defined as the principle that businesses should contribute to the welfare of society and not be solely devoted to maximizing profits (Investopedia, 2012). A company that believes in the value and importance of social responsibility is the Livity youth marketing agency. â€Å"Livity is a socially responsible youth communications agency that works directly with young people every day to produce co-created campaigns and content for brands, broadcasters, charities and local and central government that achieve client objectives† (Livity, 2012). The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate ways to achieve social responsibility at Livity. The organization performs advertising campaigns to a diverse group of corporate clients including Google, BlackB erry, C4, Virgin Media and Big Lottery Fund. A way for the company to improve its social responsibility program is by donating the time of its employees to work on projects for nonprofit organizations. The company can set a quota of how many hours it will donate during a fiscal year. Nonprofit organizations interested in labor donations must file an application with the administration of Livity. The expertise of the team at Livity can help a lot of these organizations get noticed by the community. The operations of Livity currently use a lot of paper. Deforestation is a serious environmental problem that must be addressed by corporations worldwide. â€Å"The net loss of the world’s forests is estimated at 7.3 million hectares per year† (Facingthefuture). Some of the causes of deforestation are fires, industrial consumption and population growth. The United States, Europe and Japan consume approximately 22% of the paper worldwide. Livity can take a stance to act in a so cially responsible manner if it changes its paper utilization policy. The company can formulate a long term plan with the ultimate goal being to transform the company into a paperless environment. The use of technological tools is essential for companies to switch from traditional paper usage to a paperless office. A way to train employees to learn how to work in a paperless environment is to expose employees to virtual teams. A virtual team convenes and operates with members linked together electronically via networked computers (Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn, 2003). A simple first step to apply social responsibility to paper usage is to purchase only recycled paper. Another option for the company is to substitute the use of pulp based paper with another material. A company in Australia called Papyrus Australia Ltd (PPY) invented a new form of paper called banana ply paper. Banana ply paper is a new form of paper made out of the trunks of banana trees. The trunks of banana trees ar e a renewable source. Livity can negotiate a partnership with Papyrus Australia to license the manufacturing process in order to produce banana ply paper to supply the yearly needs of Livity. An environmentally friendly and socially responsible action that Livity can take is to sponsor a recycling program in the community. The company can set up a recycling program with the scope of covering an area of 100 square miles around the corporate headquarters office. In the future the target is to increment the reach of the program to 500 and 1,000 miles from the corporate headquarters. Some of the materials that will be picked from the homes of the participants of the program are paper, plastic and aluminum. The people that recycle must separate each material into separate bags. The company will also perform recycling in-house.

Case study biomedical science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study biomedical science - Essay Example He was required to undergo splenectomy and surgical repair to the liver, lungs, and kidneys. A septic shock is defined as a continuum response of human being to infection. It is predominantly caused by gram negative organisms. The most common source of gram negative infection is the genitourinary system, followed by the respiratory system, and lastly, by the biliary system (Schwatz 1994). Plasma sodium concentration is the primary measurement that is available readily to the clinician in evaluating the fluid status of a patient. Under many conditions, it is a reasonable indicator of plasma osmolarity. Although plasma osmolarity is not measured routinely due to sodium and its associated anions that is mainly chloride, it accounts for more than 90% of the solute of extracellular fluid. Hypernatremia is a condition when the plasma sodium concentration is above normal. On the other hand, hyponatremia occurs when the plasma sodium concentration falls below normal level (Guyton and Hall 1996:308). This patient has hyponatremia (plasma sodium concentration of 132mmol/L) that is caused primarily by trauma and volume depletion. In addition, the high amount of potassium in the blood of the patient (6.8mmol/L) is linked significantly with renal dysfunction and haemolytic anaemia. The renal dysfunction could be from severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance secondary to septic shock. Blood urea is an indicator of renal function. Increased urea concentration exhibited by the patient (10mmol/L) is due to enhanced protein metabolism, a normal reaction of trauma injury, stress, haemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract, and sepsis (RNCeus 2006). Creatinine clearance is a test that gives an estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and is a good indicator of renal function. Increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels support the diagnosis of septic shock (Health Diseases 2008). Plasma bilirubin measures

The Sinews of Peace Essay Example for Free

The Sinews of Peace Essay I am thankful to Westminster College for giving me an honorary degree this afternoon. It is in this institution where I received a very large part of my education in politics, dialectic, rhetoric, and other things. I am thankful also to the President of the United States, despite of his heavy burdens, duties, and responsibilities, managed to introduce me to this academic audience. I am going to offer this Address which I called â€Å"The Sinews of Peace† today to which I have listed solutions to the threats that our countries, and the world, are facing. The first thing that I would like to consider in this speech is the problem with security. Our society faces two great dangers: war and tyranny. These two dangers threaten the millions of people and their dreams of freedom and progress. When these threats are not solved, the future of our people is at stake from what has been called â€Å"the unestimated sum of human pain†. The difference between the Communist East and the Democratic West had resulted to confrontation and deliberate movement to establish a dominion in the world. It resulted to wars and political divisions, especially in Europe where the two major ideologies clash. The famous iron curtain that divides the Europe into two parts, the Democratic West and the Communist East, is one of the results of this differences in ideologies. Russia does not aim for war but desires for the fruits of war which is the indefinite expansion of their power and doctrines and it begins with their control upon the states around the iron curtain where they kept their sphere of influence. To provide security from the threats of war and tyranny, we need to have a unified force in Europe, America, and the rest of the world who will deter any attempts of destabilizing our freedom. This is accomplished through the United Nations Organization. However, due to the increase in power and influence of the Soviet Communist rule, the threats are becoming increasingly perceptible. What we need is an international armed force that will safeguard our freedom. During some serious situations, we know that American military men make an â€Å"over-all strategic concept†. This concept however is simply the safety and welfare, the freedom and progress, of all people in this planet. The next thing they do after having proclaimed the concept and computed the resources is to provide a method. The American people demonstrated its might twice in both wars against the Communist countries who sought expansion of their power and doctrines. The United States sits in the pinnacle of world power today. But the United States was not alone in its struggle for the freedom and progress of all people. The British Commonwealth had long been struggling for unity over the European continent. Its ties with other countries had produced fruitful results. The presence of the Communist sphere of influence prevents us in achieving this goal. However, it shall be known that the future of war and tyranny can be determined by the actions we make today. To the threats of war and tyranny, the United Nations Organization, the successor of the League of Nations, which is aimed at preventing war, must equip itself with an international armed force. This force must come from the countries who share the same ideologies, that is, the preservation of freedom and progress. The United States and the British Commonwealth forces, when combined, will result to an overwhelming assurance of security. We can provide security to our people from the horrors and miseries of war and tyranny that will extend to the future population through unity of the English-speaking Commonwealth and the United States. References: Churchill, W. S. (1946). The Sinews of Peace [Electronic Version]. Retrieved April 24, 2007, from North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) website: http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/1946/s460305a_e.htm

Olaudah Equiano :: essays research papers

Olaudah Equiano   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Olaudah Equiano was an African American that fell into slavery. He was forced like many other African Americans during the 17th and 18th century. In the short story about Olaudah Equiano, it tells about his life and what he went through being a slave. The Narrative has some similar things that we went over in class. I am going to discuss a few topics about Equiano and other slaves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, there was a lot of trading or bartering going on with the white slave owners. They would use their slaves as a material item and not think of them as a person. They thought of them like a product or money. The trade involved the Americans, the Africans, and finally the West Indies. America mostly traded rum for slaves, Africa traded there own people (which would become slaves to whomever owned them) for sugar and molasses with the West Indies. The West Indies would trade rum, molasses, or sugar to America for slaves. This created a “Triangular Trade.'; It was the most popular and resourceful method to get slaves, rum, or any other thing that a certain country wanted. It worked out for everybody trading except for the slaves. Equiano was traded for such items in the Narrative. The first person to “own'; Equiano was a Quaker named Robert King. He did most of his business in the West Indies. Equiano was eventually traded for sugar cane and was forc ed to go on a slave ship. The conditions were horrible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Equiano was transported on a slave ship called the “Zong.'; The British Republic owned the Zong. Equiano, as well as the other slaves were stuffed under the cargo area. There was so many slaves that they could hardly breathe. They were always hungry because of the little amount of food and the large amount of slaves. Disease spread throughout the ship causing many slaves to die. They would also die of hunger and getting beaten so much by the white crew onboard. Equiano had to survive in these conditions for long periods of time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Equiano was from Nigeria and lived in a powerful village called Essako. The British kidnapped him in 1756. He was kidnapped with his sister and dragged away from there home. A lot of the whites would just go into villages and start taking African Americans to be their slaves or to trade them for goods.

How Successful Were the Liberal Government in Years 1906-1914 in Bringing About Political and Institutional Reform

How successful were the Liberal government in years 1906-1914 in bringing about political and institutional reform (24) The Liberal government of 1906-1914 under Bannerman and Asquith is one often recalled for its extensive reform of the welfare system in the United Kingdom. However, it was their political and constitutional reform which caused the most uproar, as they were arguably the most successful government of the 20th century in regards to changing the way Britain was governed.Their greatest achievement was the 1911 Parliament Act where they managed to get the Lords to sign a bill limiting their own power. When the Liberals came into power in 1906 the Conservatives held a startling majority in the House of Lords due to their representation of the wealthy and the landowners. This meant that if the Liberals wished to put forward and legislation or alter the constitution in which in which the Conservatives disagreed then the Lords could simply veto the decision whether or not the Commons agreed with it.This angered the Liberals, particularly Lloyd George who at the time needed to obtain ? 15’000’000 to go towards the welfare reforms and to new warships and planned to from the ‘Peoples budget’, which was tax this money from the rich. He believed this would gain support from the working classes by showing that they didn’t need to vote for socialists to have a say. The taxes were to increase the tax at over ? 3000 and ? 5000 and were to impose an inheritance tax of 20%. The Lords did veto this bill and so it led to the first general election of 1910.The Liberals claimed that the Lords were the selfish rich who weren’t willing to help the country, whereas the Conservatives tried to appeal to the wealthy stating that this would lead to social revolution and that is was the duty of the House of Lords to block controversial policy that the public hadn’t voted on. The Liberals won with a 2 seat majority and the suppor t of the Irish Nationalists who were hoping to obtain Home Rule through the Liberal government which led to the tax being passed.This Liberal win led to the second constitutional crisis where the Liberals pushed a bill which sought to remove the power of the House of Lords to veto bills and replace it with a power of suspensory veto, to delay a bill for 2 years – yet remove their power entirely to alter ‘money bills’. The Lords rejected this again which led to Asquith going to King Edward VII asking him to create more Liberal peers which he agreed to but died before he could bring this reality.His son King George V preferred a more consensual agreement between the two parties and this led to the 1910 constitutional conference where the conservatives offered to reform Lords powers, yet the Liberals rejected this and the conference ended in November which led to the second 1910 general election. Both parties obtained the most seats but again the Liberals were able to maintain government through their backing from the Irish Nationalist Party and Labour. The Commons passed the bill of reform in 1911 and it was eventually passed through the Lords when the Liberals and the Conservative ‘rats’ outvoted the ‘ditchers’ by 131 votes to 114.This limited the Lords powers but prevented the house from being swamped with new Liberal peers. This subject caused such division that Balfour was forced to resign leadership in 1911 which led to the Conservatives almost falling apart. All of this was a great success for the Liberals as it created a much more evenly democratic country as it meant that the elected House of Commons was now the true power of the country whereas the non-elected House of Lords had effectively lost all of its true power. Such was the effectiveness of this change; no attempt to further reform the Lords was made until 1999 by Blair’s Labour.Another great achievement was the Payment of MPs Act. Until 1910 M Ps had no income from government for being an MP and so it was generally only the wealthy gentlemen of leisure that could afford to live in London without having to work that had time for governance. This meant that the working classes had very little representation as they could simply not afford to be an MP. Attempts had been made throughout the 19th century to introduce payment for MPs but had never got through the commons yet in 1910 a vote of 265 to 173 in favour of payment of MPs (largely due to Labour pressure) passed through the Commons and Lords.This bill paid MPs ? 400 a year, which is more than most of the lower working class earned anyway and so meant many men could put themselves forward who normally would not have been able to. This led to the rise of the Labour party as they represented the working poor and therefore got their votes. It again was another act by the Liberals to introduce more representation to the governing of the United Kingdom; and this, arguably and ironically, led to their downfall. Their last act before the outbreak of the war was to pass the Third Irish Home Rule bill through the Commons and, due to the reduction of Lords power, the Lords.This is not a success although some view it was one as it almost leads to a division of the country and a civil war in Ireland. The John Carson set up the Ulster Volunteers to oppose any home rule law and had thousands of Ulsterman sign the Ulster Covenant where they agreed to oppose any home rule by any means necessary – they openly received support from the Conservatives and by the army as was seen at the Curragh mutiny where the army all resigned before they were ordered to attack the Ulstermen.They also managed to sneak 30000 rifles and ammunition into Ireland – they meant business. The Irish Voulunteers (who were the predecessor of the IRA) set up to oppose the Ulstermen and also gathered arms. Emergency talks were being held at Buckingham palace to resolve this issue bu t broke down and it looked live civil war and treason was inevitable, yet war broke out at the eleventh hour and the Liberals rectified the issue by sending the patriotic Ulster Volunteers straight to the Western front where they were mostly all killed on the frontline.Over the period of office leading up to the war the Conservatives did have the two main breakthroughs in that they brought about the payment of MPs and managed to defeat the Lords in several cases and ultimately managed to curb their power and this led to the modern democracy we still enjoy in the United Kingdom today and it is for these reasons that they were successful, they brought about the largest constitutional reform then we saw in the 20th century and it is unlikely that such reform will come about in our state again – unless we are to codify the constitution at some point or abolish the Lords entirely.

Greek Contributions to Modern Western Civilization Essay

Ancient Greek culture has influenced modern western civilization from their discoveries and traditions during their Golden Age. Their philosophies, politics and values have helped shape our every day life. Some of the most prominently displayed leaders of all time lived in Greece during the time. Their math, art science politics, architecture, drama, medicine, philosophy and values have inspired today’s everyday way of life. If it weren’t for their constant strides towards a better tomorrow, civilization today might be less advanced. A lot of their academic achievement math and science has trickled down from the generations and into western civilization today. Euclid, a mathematician, is now viewed as the most prominent mathematician of all time. He wrote a book called â€Å"The Elements† and put all of his discoveries and theories into it. A lot of the math and science that we use today was influenced by his theories and discoveries. A man named Hippocrates also solely influenced today’s medical practices. His discoveries in medicine made a long lasting imprint on today’s doctors and practices. He was an extremely trustworthy doctor. He made an oath stating that he would never give bad medicine and always strive to cure a patient, not just get paid. Today when becoming a doctor, you must take the Hippocratic oath, which was the oath that Hippocrates created. Whenever you go to see a performance now, whether you know it or not, Greek influence is involved. Greek drama and auditoriums are big influences. The three types of theaters that the Greeks had were Proscenium (like in today’s Gershwin Theater), Thrust (like in many of the concert halls seen today) and Arena (like today’s sports arenas). The architecture of these stages and of a lot of other structures are direct influences of the Greek civilization. Playwrights such as Socrates, Aeschylus and Euripides wrote plays that entertained people in Greece and all around the world still today. Playwrights wrote tragedies in which there is a main character with either a  special ability or tragic flaw. As the story progresses, the tragic flaw ruins the character (just like in today’s drama). One of the most tragic of plays are the stories of Oedipus, the King. In this, the main character’s tragic flaw is unknown even to him. It is his tragic past and how it influenced his present day life. Tragedies such as Oedipus the King have contributed to the making of today’s theater. Greece’s system of democracy was a new ideal for the time. Today, countries around the world use it. During the time of the first democracy, philosophers started to teach their thoughts and voice their opinions. This is because it was a time of turmoil. Corrupt leaders were leading Greece and people did not have much faith in democracy. At this time, philosophers gave the people things to ponder and believe in. The greatest three Greek philosophers were Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Even today, people live by some of the teachings of these philosophers and they are widely studied. Overall, many of today’s traditions, beliefs and values have been passed down from Greek civilizations. Their discoveries, traditions and strides toward perfection inspired later generations to act as they did. The individuals that invented and discovered new aspects of life and their surroundings gave way to brand new lifestyles that are used today.

Describe some of the problems that overpopulation causes and suggest at least one possible solution.

Describe some of the problems that overpopulation causes and suggest at least one possible solution. Overpopulation has become a knotting question that both developing countries and industrialized ones have to cope up. This phenomenon leads to some impacts on society namely the unemployment condition and the poverty, which requires an exact policy such as birthrate control from the authority. My essay will illustrate the items mentioned above in details.To begin with, the unemployment occurs to all countries in the world with no exception. The root of this situation is the universal increase in inhabitants, of which the number is rising everyday. It results in the fact that there is not enough occupation for people at the working ages. For instance, thousands of students graduate from universities and colleges annually. Yet, the vacancies in companies and offices are limited, which does not come to labour's expectations. The managers can not accept so many employees at the same time and certainly, the rest of these applicants will be out of work.Map of countries and territories by f ertility rate...Following this, poverty is an indispensable issue as well. This mainly takes place in some areas of the nation. It is the consequence of lack of supply for daily life. Admittedly, a family which has more than five members contributes a difficulty to public. To illustrate, the leaders of a family are parents, whose jobs are official workers. When the income they take is too low, there are a lot of expenses like bills, schooling fees for children and food they have to pay..And due to this, they can not afford all.To overcome the overpopulation, governments have found some effective strategies, one of which is family planning. this policy has been put into practice for many years and shown a turnaround. Its primary content is helping the couple plan having children by using birth control.In conclusion, although the growth of population is continuing,

Monoatomic or Monatomic Elements

Monoatomic or Monatomic Elements Monatomic or monoatomic elements are elements that are stable as single atoms. Mon- or Mono- means one. In order for an element to be stable by itself, it needs to have a stable octet of valence electrons. List of Monatomic Elements The noble gases exist as monatomic elements: helium (He)neon (Ne)argon (Ar)krypton (Kr)xenon (Xe)radon (Rn)oganesson (Og) The atomic number of a monatomic element is equal to the number of protons in the element. These elements may exist in various isotopes (varying number of neutrons), but the number of electrons matches the number of protons. One Atom Versus One Type of Atom Monatomic elements exist as stable single atoms. This type of element is commonly confused with pure elements, which may consist of multiple atoms bonded into diatomic elements (e.g., H2, O2) or other molecules consisting of a single type of atom (e.g., ozone or O3. These molecules are homonuclear, meaning they only consist of one type of atomic nucleus, but not monatomic. Metals are typically connected via metallic bonds, so a sample of pure silver, for example, might be considered to be homonuclear, but again, the silver would not be monatomic. ORMUS and Monatomic Gold There are products for sale, supposedly for medical and other purposes, which claim to contain monatomic gold, m-state materials, ORMEs (Orbitally Rearranged Monoatomic Elements), or ORMUS. Specific product names include Sola, Mountain Manna, C-Gro, and Cleopatras Milk. This is a hoax. The materials are variously claimed to be elemental white gold powder, the alchemists Philosophers Stone, or medicinal gold. The story goes, Arizona farmer David Hudson discovered an unknown material in his soil with unusual properties. In 1975, he sent out a sample of the soil to have it analyzed. Hudson claimed the soil contained gold, silver, aluminum, and iron. Other versions of the tale say Hudsons sample contained platinum, rhodium, osmium, iridium, and ruthenium. According to vendors who sell ORMUS, it has miraculous properties, including superconductivity, the ability to cure cancer, the ability to emit gamma radiation, capacity to act as flash powder, and able to levitate. Why, exactly, Hudson claimed his material was monoatomic gold is unclear, but there is no scientific evidence to support its existence. Some sources cite the different color of the gold from its usual yellow color as evidence of it being monatomic. Any chemist (or alchemist, for that matter) knows gold is a transition metal that forms colored complexes and also assumes different colors as a pure metal as a thin film. The reader is further cautioned against trying the online instructions for making homemade ORMUS. Chemicals that react with gold and other noble metals are notoriously dangerous. The protocols do not produce any monatomic element; they do present a considerable risk. Monoatomic Gold Versus Colloidal Gold Monoatomic metals are not to be confused with colloidal metals. Colloidal gold and silver are suspended particles or clumps of atoms. Colloids have been demonstrated to behave differently from the elements as metals.

First IT security in information systems Term Paper

First IT security in information systems - Term Paper Example In this report, we will discuss some of the main security measures/steps that can be taken to overcome IT security related issues. The report will also include a discussion about the ways to maintain IT security over a long time for users. Network Security Internet security is imperative in today’s world of digital technology because it provides a number of considerable benefits to individuals and businesses. Some of those benefits include assistance in dealing with fake emails and harmful web links, assistance in protection of data, assistance in making communication process safe, and assistance in dealing with malware, spyware, viruses, Trogens, and worms. Moreover, network safety measures also help users in surviving from phishing and other internet-based frauds. We all know that protection of files and important information stored in computers is essential for every individual. Therefore, it is imperative to apply such security measures which can ensure data protection to a large extent. â€Å"Network security comprises the measures a company takes to protect its computer system† (Kaminsky 1). According to Stallings, viruses and worms are the most harmful and commonly occurring threats to the security of computer networks and they have the ability to spread into every computer system (27). In IT related business, there is a constant need to apply such security measures that can protect computer networks from all types of threats including worms, viruses, and the attempts of hackers. IT professionals need to introduce such mechanisms using which one can efficiently identify the potential threats to the networks in order to apply the relevant and the most appropriate safety measure. Although the advancements in the field of information technology have been beneficial for internet related businesses individuals, they have also brought in a number of security threats. Such threats not only affect the progress of the businesses but also reduce busi nesses’ efficiency levels, as people have to spend a huge amount of time to recover their important information and data if lost. To reduce such threats, business need to hire such information technology experts who can ensure protection using multilayered security strategies. As Lynn states, â€Å"in today's threat landscape, the most secure network infrastructures implement not a single network security technology, but a multilayered comprehensive security strategy† (1). Let us now discuss some of the main steps an information technology professional may take to ensure complete protection for users from internet security threats. Antivirus and Antispyware The first thing that an IT professional needs should suggest to IT related businesses and users is the installation of a suitable antivirus application. Antivirus applications are the most widely used measures to ensure computer safety not only because they provide optimum security to data present inside the compute r systems but also because they hold current databases of worms and viruses using which they can identify the presence of any armful application in the computer syste

Why Facebook Acquired Whatsapp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Why Facebook Acquired Whatsapp - Essay Example Facebook and WhatsApp are among the leading social media platforms in the modern world. The two social Media have a significant number of users that each pose a threat to another as far as the social media business is concerned. In comparison to other social Media that have been in existence before the invention of WhatsApp, Facebook was dominating the market with the highest number of users. With the coming of WhatsApp in the social media market, it intensified the completion to a point where Facebook opted to acquire it. Â  Apart from the excessive competition in the social media market brought about by Whatsapp application, there are many other ways to justify the acquisition of Whatsapp by Facebook. Just like in other forms of business, one business my either merge with another or fully acquire it depending on the business environment they both face. According to studies by Ireland, Hoskisson and Hitt (2012 p, 133), one business may acquire another in order to increase its growth, gain market power, manage risks and reduce costs. In relation to such acquisition reasons, Facebook owners made the move to acquire Whatsapp in order to increase its growth in the social media market. Acquiring Whatsapp, which is a strong competitor, would also help Facebook manage the risk of elimination from business and cut costs of operation such as advertising. Management of such factors would subsequently lead to an increase in the market power by Facebook. Â  In studies conducted by Frankel (2011 p.22), he notes that, among the main reasons why one business may acquire another include customers and market share. One business may want to take over the customers of a competing business and successively take over the market share.